Phase advance after one or three simulated dawns in humans.

Danielenko KV, Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Weber JM, Fairhurst S, Terman M.
Chronobiology and Sleep Laboratory, Psychiatric University Clinic, Basel, Switzerland

A specially designed apparatus that can simulate the waveform of the dawn or dusk signal at any latitude and any day of the year has been shown to phase shift the circadian pacemaker in rodents and primates at a fraction of the illuminance previously used.

Until recently, it was considered that rather high illuminances or rather long exposure episodes to room light were necessary to phase shift human circadian rhythms. This experiment shows that, under controlled conditions of a modified constant routine protocol, a single dawn signal is sufficient to phase advance the timing of the onset of secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin.

The significant phase advance of salivary melatonin of 20 minutes, which is enhanced to 34 minutes after three consecutive dawn signals, is small, but appears to be of sufficient magnitude to entrain the human circadian pacemaker, which has an endogenous period of about 24.2 h.

The human circadian pacemaker can see by the dawn's early light.

Danielenko KV, Wirz-Justice A, Krauchi K, Weber JM, Terman M.
Institute of Physiology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk

The authors' previous experiments have shown that dawn simulation at low light intensities can phase advance the circadian rhythm of melatonin in humans. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of repeated dawn signals on the phase position of circadian rhythms in healthy participants kept under controlled light conditions.

Nine men participated in two 9-day laboratory sessions under an LD cycle 17.5:6.5 h, <30:0 lux, receiving 6 consecutive daily dawn (average illuminance 155 lux) or controlled light (0.1 lux) signals from 0600 to 0730 h (crossover, random-order design).

Two modified constant routine protocols before and after the light stimuli measured salivary melatonin (dim light melatonin onset DLMOn and offset DLMOff) and rectal temperature rhythms (midrange crossing time [MRCT]). Compared with initial values, participants significantly phase delayed after 6 days under control light conditions (at least -42 min DLMOn, -54 min DLMOff, -41 min MRCT) in spite of constant bedtimes.

This delay was not observed with dawn signals (+10 min DLMOn, +2 min DLMOff, 0 min MRCT). Given that the endogenous circadian period of the human circadian pacemaker is slightly longer than 24 h, the findings suggest that a naturalistic dawn signal is sufficient to forestall this natural delay drift. Zeitgeber transduction and circadian system response are hypothesized to be tuned to the time-rate-of-change of naturalistic twilight signals.